DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid
–DNA is a double-stranded molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. Its structure is a double helix, made of nucleotides containing a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). It is primarily stored in the cell nucleus (in eukaryotes) and contains the “blueprint” for building and maintaining an organism.
-RNA is a single-stranded molecule that plays critical roles in converting DNA’s genetic information into functional proteins. It has a ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose, and uracil (U) replaces thymine (T) as a base. There are several key types: messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA) delivers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms part of ribosomes. Some RNAs also act as enzymes or regulate gene expression.
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